Question
What are the most contentious issues when negotiating a Purchase Sale Agreement?
Answer
There’s one issue that trumps them all. Do you remember the children’s game of hot potato, where the ball would get passed around from kid to kid and then the teacher would blow the whistle? Whoever had the hot potato on their lap was out, until there was one winner. In negotiating M&A transactions, from my perspective as the M&A lawyer, we are engaged in a game of high level hot potato. We are going to bounce risk back and forth and back and forth through the documents, and whenever we go to closing, that’s like the teacher blowing the whistle. So the most contentious issues usually are around allocation of risk. Who will assume what risk come time of closing. The seller, of course, wants to push as much risk off to the buyer and ask them to assume it. The buyer wants to keep the seller’s feet to the fire for as long as possible. I would say over 50% of the definitive purchase agreement has to do with this game of allocating risk.
Now there are other important issues such as price versus terms. I could agree to pay you $100 million for your company but if it’s $1 million a year for the next 100 years, that may not be acceptable to you, right? You’d like it to be $100 million in a lump sum. I’d like it to be $100 million over 100 years. So price versus terms, allocation or risks, these are the things most of the time is spent on. Everything else is usually a cousin of one of those two.
The last thing I would add is there’s a chunk in the agreement that just deals with all kinds of mechanics and logistics. You know, when do we close, conditions to closing, those are contentious but not nearly as contentious as the first two. If you had to break down the purchase agreement into three categories, it would be: allocation of risk, price and terms, and mechanics and logistics. Usually, it’s negotiated in exactly that order of the three buckets.
Now there are other important issues such as price versus terms. I could agree to pay you $100 million for your company but if it’s $1 million a year for the next 100 years, that may not be acceptable to you, right? You’d like it to be $100 million in a lump sum. I’d like it to be $100 million over 100 years. So price versus terms, allocation or risks, these are the things most of the time is spent on. Everything else is usually a cousin of one of those two.
The last thing I would add is there’s a chunk in the agreement that just deals with all kinds of mechanics and logistics. You know, when do we close, conditions to closing, those are contentious but not nearly as contentious as the first two. If you had to break down the purchase agreement into three categories, it would be: allocation of risk, price and terms, and mechanics and logistics. Usually, it’s negotiated in exactly that order of the three buckets.
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Written by Andrew J. Sherman
Andrew J. Sherman is a Partner in the Corporate Department of Seyfarth Shaw LLP
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Resources
- Divestopedia’s M&A Fee Guide 2022 - 2023
- Purchase and Sale Agreement Considerations for Acquirers - Handouts
- Seyfarth Shaw LLP - Survey of Key M&A Middle Market Deal Terms
- Firmex’s M&A Fee Guide 2021 - 2022
- Your Guide to VC Funding
- Financial Services M&A: Consolidation & Innovation January 2021
- SS&C Intralinks® 2021 Corporate Restructuring Report
